Parameters of Abuse of Circumstances in Indonesian Civil  Judicial Practice: Parameter Penyalahgunaan Keadaan dalam Praktik Peradilan Perdata Indonesia

Yasniwati Yasniwati; Yulia Mirwati

Authors

Yasniwati Yasniwati Universitas Andalas https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7973-2485
Yulia Mirwati Andalas University, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7973-2485

Keywords:

Abuse of Circumstances, Deed of Sale and Purchase, Defect of Will, Judicial Parameters, Legal Certainty

Abstract

Constitutional Court Decision No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 construed the phrase “sufficient preliminary evidence” as requiring at least two items of evidence accompanied by an examination of the prospective suspect. Law No. 20 of 2025 on the Criminal Procedure Code, effective 2 January 2026, retains the two-evidence standard in Article 90(1) but omits the examination requirement. This study analyses the constitutional position of that requirement and the extent of its accommodation in the new Code. Employing normative legal research with statutory, case, and conceptual approaches, the study finds that the Code adopts the evidentiary component of the constitutional standard while abandoning its procedural component, and that pretrial courts have already treated the examination as non-constitutive. The omission weakens the right to be heard and narrows pretrial review to a formal evidentiary count. The study recommends conditional constitutional review of Article 90 and revision of Supreme Court Regulation No. 4 of 2016.

References

Agus, Kukuh, Akibat Hukum atas Pembuatan Akta Jual Beli yang Tidak Dibacakan oleh Notaris/PPAT di Hadapan Para Pihak.” Jurnal USM Law Review Volume 6, Nomor 2 (2023): 689–698. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v6i2.6850.

Al Majed, Bashayer, and Aseel AlMajed. “Frustration v Imprévision, Why Frustration is so ‘Frustrating’: The Lack of Flexibility in the English Doctrine’s Legal Consequence.” Liverpool Law Review Volume 45, Nomor 1 (2024): 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-023-09327-9.

Almansyah, Dimas, and Mohamad Fajri Mekka Putra. “Tanggung Jawab Notaris dalam Pembuatan Akta Para Pihak di bawah Tekanan dan Paksaan.” Jurnal USM Law Review Volume 5, Nomor 2 (2022): 754–766. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v5i2.5728.

Ahmadi, Okta, Aspek Perjanjian Electronic Commerce dan Implikasinya pada Hukum Pembuktian di Indonesia. Masalah-Masalah Hukum Volume 39, Nomor 2 (2010): 172–184. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.39.2.2010.172-184.

Azam, Syaiful, Mulhadi, and Dedi Harianto. “The Undue Influence Doctrine and Its Function in Consumer Financing Cases.” Jurnal Media Hukum Volume 27, Nomor 2 (2020): 240–251. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.20200154.

Azzahra, Salsabila Mumtaz, and Djumadi Purwoatmodjo Gozali. “Penerapan Doktrin Penyalahgunaan Keadaan (Misbruik van Omstandigheden) dalam Sengketa Perjanjian.” Jurnal Kolaboratif Sains Volume 8, Nomor 6 (2025). https://doi.org/10.56338/jks.v8i6.7917.

Badrulzaman, Mariam Darus. Hukum Perikatan dalam KUH Perdata Buku Ketiga: Yurisprudensi, Doktrin serta Penjelasan. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2015.

Beale, Hugh. “Undue Influence and Unconscionability.” Dalam Andrew Dyson, James Goudkamp, and Frederick Wilmot-Smith (editors), Defences in Contract, 87–110. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509902156.ch-005.

Budiono, Herlien. Ajaran Umum Hukum Perjanjian dan Penerapannya di Bidang Kenotariatan. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2010.

Cahyono, Agus Budi. “Implementation of Common Law Doctrine in Indonesian Law of Obligation” (2020): 320–326. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200321.041.

Cornelius, Kristin B. “Standard Form Contracts and a Smart Contract Future.” Internet Policy Review Volume 7, Nomor 2 (2018). https://doi.org/10.14763/2018.2.790.

Dalimunthe, Sabrina Nur Ilmi Sari. “Penyalahgunaan Keadaan dalam Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli Apartemen sebagai Pembatas Pemenuhan Asas Keseimbangan.” Jurnal Yuridis Volume 8, Nomor 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.35586/jyur.v8i2.3720.

Dewi, Ni Made Cahya Kirana, Dewa Ayu Putu Sukadana, Komang Satria Wibawa Putra, and Gusti Ayu Eviani Yuliantari. “Pelanggaran Asas Itikad Baik Pasal 1338 KUHPerdata oleh Pihak Pertama dalam Kontrak Sewa.” Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum Volume 3, Nomor 6 (2025): 10712–10718. https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v3i6.2842.

DiMatteo, Larry A. “Civil-common Law Divergence on Penalties: Is it a Thing of the Past?” Liverpool Law Review Volume 43, Nomor 3 (2022): 421–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-022-09297-4.

Gangwar, Subhash. “Minors’ Contracts in the Digital Age.” Liverpool Law Review Volume 43, Nomor 2 (2022): 237–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-022-09298-3.

Gaol, Sahat Lumban. “Keabsahan Pinjam Meminjam Uang secara Lisan dalam Perspektif Hukum Perdata.” Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Dirgantara Volume 9, Nomor 2 (2019). https://doi.org/10.35968/jh.v9i2.356.

Hatimah, Husnul, and Djumardin Wagian. “Bedrog sebagai Dasar Pembatalan Perjanjian.” Private Law Volume 5, Nomor 1 (2025): 178–187. https://doi.org/10.29303/prlw.v5i1.5051.

Hernoko, Agus Yudha. Hukum Perjanjian: Asas Proporsionalitas dalam Kontrak Komersial. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group, 2010.

Iqbal, Fariz Rachman. “Kekuatan Pembuktian Akta Notaris yang Cacat Formil (Studi Kasus Perkara Nomor 1769 K/Pdt/2011).” Jurist-Diction Volume 3, Nomor 1 (2020): 77. https://doi.org/10.20473/jd.v3i1.17624.

Kertha Patrika Volume 43, Nomor 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.24843/KP.2021.v43.i01.p04.

Lubis, Taufik Hidayat. “Hukum Perjanjian di Indonesia.” Sostek: Jurnal Sosial dan Ekonomi Volume 2, Nomor 3 (2022). https://doi.org/10.55357/sosek.v2i3.250.

Marpaung, Rizky, Suhendro, and Yetti. “Penyalahgunaan Keadaan (Misbruik van Omstandigheden) dalam Perjanjian Kredit Modal Kerja pada Perbankan.” Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research Volume 4, Nomor 4 (2024): 14175–14185. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v4i4.14623.

Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Edisi revisi. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media, 2014.

Medahalyusa, Jeanette Agire, and Achmad Busro. “Akibat Hukum Pembatalan Perjanjian yang Dibuat atas Dasar Penyalahgunaan Keadaan.” Notarius Volume 16, Nomor 2 (2023): 631–647. https://doi.org/10.14710/nts.v16i2.38358.

Muhaimin. De Jure: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Volume 20 (2020): 275–288. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2020.V20.275-288.

Nugraha, Xavier, Jason Emanuel Pratama Putra, and Kadek Dede Hendra Putra. “Analisa Daluarsa Gugatan Pembatalan Perjanjian akibat Adanya Penyalahgunaan Keadaan (Misbruik van Omstandigheden).” Jurnal Ilmiah Galuh Justisi Volume 8, Nomor 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.25157/justisi.v8i1.3242.

Nurudin, Agus. “Diskresi Yudisial: Antara Keadilan dan Pencitraan.” Masalah-Masalah Hukum Volume 45, Nomor 1 (2016): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.45.1.2016.18-24.

Oktafiana, Dwi Ayu, Nurul Arijasakinah, and Luthfi Dhofir Nugroho. “Penyalahgunaan Keadaan terhadap Pembatalan Kontrak secara Sepihak.” Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum Volume 3, Nomor 2 (2025): 960–966. https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v3i2.1197.

Panggabean, Henry P. Penyalahgunaan Keadaan (Misbruik van Omstandigheden) sebagai Alasan (Baru) untuk Pembatalan Perjanjian: Berbagai Perkembangan Hukum di Belanda. Yogyakarta: Liberty, 1992.

Prasad, Dharmita, and Pallavi Mishra. “Unconscionability of E-contracts: A Comparative Study of India, the United Kingdom, and the United States.” Liverpool Law Review Volume 43, Nomor 2 (2022): 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-022-09306-6.

Putra, Fani Martiawan Kumara. “Paksaan Ekonomi dan Penyalahgunaan Keadaan sebagai Bentuk Cacat Kehendak dalam Perkembangan Hukum Kontrak.” Yuridika Volume 30, Nomor 2 (2015). https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v30i2.4658.

Ridwan, Annisa Syaufika Yustisia. “The Role of Undue Influence and Unconscionability as Mechanisms against Unfair Contracts.” Veritas et Justitia Volume 12, Nomor 1 (2026): 24–46. https://doi.org/10.25123/vej.v12i1.10120.

Saputra, Chandra Aditya, Tiara Farina, and Ilham Januardy. “Penyalahgunaan Keadaan (Misbruik van Omstandigheden) sebagai Dasar Pembatalan Perjanjian: Analisis Yuridis dalam Perspektif KUHPerdata.” Journal of Innovative and Creativity Volume 5, Nomor 3 (2025): 36167–36175. https://doi.org/10.31004/joecy.v5i3.5577.

Saputra, Imam Surya, Ilyas Ismail, and Darmawan. “Akibat Hukum terhadap Akta Jual Beli yang Cacat Hukum.” Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan Volume 8, Nomor 2 (2020): 283. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v8i2.758.

Saputra, Rendy. Kedudukan Penyalahgunaan Keadaan (Misbruik van Omstandigheden) dalam Hukum Perjanjian Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2016.

Sari, Rizki Fitria, and Nabitatus Sa’adah. “Penunjukan Camat sebagai PPAT Sementara di Wilayah Kerja yang Formasi PPAT Telah Terpenuhi.” Notarius Volume 15, Nomor 1 (2022): 419–429. https://doi.org/10.14710/nts.v15i1.46051.

Satrio, J. Hukum Perikatan: Perikatan yang Lahir dari Perjanjian, Buku I. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 1995.

Setiawan. Aneka Masalah Hukum dan Hukum Acara Perdata. Bandung: Alumni, 2008.

Sinaga, Niru Anita. “Peranan Asas-Asas Hukum Perjanjian dalam Mewujudkan Tujuan Perjanjian.” Binamulia Hukum Volume 7, Nomor 2 (2018): 107–120. https://doi.org/10.37893/jbh.v7i2.20.

Suhendar, Heris, and Mohamad Anton Athoillah. “Pertimbangan Hakim dalam Perkara Penyalahgunaan Keadaan (Misbruik van Omstandigheden).” Jurnal Yudisial Volume 16, Nomor 2 (2023): 250–268. https://doi.org/10.29123/jy.v16i2.628.

Van Dunne, J. M., and Gr. van der Burght. Penyalahgunaan Keadaan. Diterjemahkan oleh Sudikno Mertokusumo. Yogyakarta: Dewan Kerjasama Ilmu Hukum Belanda dengan Indonesia, 1987.

Widia, I Ketut, and I Nyoman Putu Budiartha. “Cacat Kehendak sebagai Dasar Batalnya Perjanjian.” Kertha Wicaksana Volume 16, Nomor 1 (2022): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.22225/kw.16.1.2022.1-6.

Winarni, Lulu Nurul. “Asas Itikad Baik sebagai Upaya Perlindungan Konsumen dalam Perjanjian Pembiayaan.” DiH: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Volume 11, Nomor 21 (2015): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.30996/dih.v11i21.442.

“Contract Law in Common Law Countries: A Study in Divergence.” Liverpool Law Review Volume 43 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-022-09312-8.

Hoge Raad der Nederlanden. BOVAG II, 11 January 1957, NJ 1959.

Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (Burgerlijk Wetboek). Diterjemahkan oleh R. Subekti dan R. Tjitrosudibio. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita.

Nieuw Burgerlijk Wetboek.

Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia. Decision No. 3431 K/Pdt/1985.

Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia. Decision No. 1329 K/Pdt/2001.

Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia. Decision No. 3641 K/Pdt/2001.

Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia. Decision No. 3406 K/Pdt/2019.

Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia. Decision No. 3550 K/Pdt/2021.

Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia. Decision No. 705 PK/Pdt/2023.

Mataram District Court. Decision No. 234/Pdt.G/2020/PN Mtr.

Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration.

Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 14 of 1982 concerning the Prohibition of the Use of Absolute Powers of Attorney as a Means of Transferring Rights over Land.