1Specific information
When the author learns specific information (a name, date, place, statistical figure, or other detailed information) from a specific source, a citation is required. This requirement is waived only for general knowledge, where the information is readily available in more than five sources or is common knowledge, for example, the fact that Indonesia is the most populous Muslim country in the world.
2Ideas
When the author takes an idea from another author, a citation is required even if the author then develops the idea further. This might be an idea about how to interpret the data, what methodology to use, or what conclusion to draw. It might be an idea about broad developments in a field or general information. Regardless of the idea, authors should cite their sources. Where the author develops the idea further, it is still necessary to cite the original source of the idea; in a subsequent sentence, the author can then explain their more developed idea.
3Words
When the author takes words from another author, both a citation and quotation marks are required.
Four-word rule: whenever four or more consecutive words are identical to a source the author has read, quotation marks must be used to denote another author's original words. A citation alone is not sufficient.
